Vectorial Boolean Functions: Difference between revisions
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== Walsh transform == | == Walsh transform == | ||
The <span class="definition">Walsh transform</span> of <math>F : \mathbb{F}_2^m \rightarrow \mathbb{F}_2^n</math> is the integer-valued function <math>W_F : \mathbb{F}_2^m \times \mathbb{F}_2^n</math> defined by | |||
<div class="equation><math> | |||
W_F(u,v) = \sum_{x \in \mathbb{F}_2^m} (-1)^{v \cdot F(x) + u \cdot x} | |||
</math></div> | |||
It can be observed that the Walsh transform of some <math>F</math> is in fact the Fourier transform of the indicator of its graph, i.e. the Fourier transform of the function <math>1_{G_F}</math> defined as | |||
<div class="equation><math> | |||
1_{G_F}(x,y) = \begin{cases} | |||
1 & F(x) = y \\ | |||
0 & F(x) \ne y. | |||
\end{cases} | |||
</math></div> | |||
The <span class="definition">Walsh spectrum</span> of <math>F</math> is the multi-set of all the values of its Walsh transform for all pairs <math>(u,v) \in \mathbb{F}_2^m \times {\mathbb{F}_2^n}^*</math>. The <span class="definition">extended Walsh spectrum</span> of <math>F</math> is the multi-set of the absolute values of its Walsh transform, and the <span class="definition">Walsh support</span> of <math>F</math> is the set of pairs <math>(u,v)</math> for which <math>W_F(u,v) \ne 0</math>. | |||
== Representations == | == Representations == | ||
Revision as of 20:33, 30 December 2018
Introduction
Let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{F}_2^n} be the vector space of dimension Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} over the finite field Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{F}_2} with two elements. Functions from Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{F}_2^m} to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbb{F}_2^n} are called Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (m,n)} -functions or simply vectorial Boolean functions when the dimensions of the vector spaces are implicit or irrelevant.
Any Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (m,n)} -function Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} can be written as a vector Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F = (f_1, f_2, \ldots f_m)} of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Boolean functions Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_1, f_2, \ldots f_m} which are called the coordinate functions of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} .
Cryptanalytic attacks
Vectorial Boolean functions, also referred to as "S-boxes", or "Substitution boxes", in the context of cryptography, are a fundamental building block of block ciphers and are crucial to their security: more precisely, the resistance of the block cipher to cryptanalytic attacks directly depends on the properties of the S-boxes used in its construction.
The main types of cryptanalytic attacks that result in the definition of design criteria for S-boxes are the following:
- the differential attack introduced by Biham and Shamir; to resist it, an S-box must have low differential uniformity;
- the linear attack introduced by Matsui; to resist it, an S-box must have high nonlinearity;
- the higher order differential attack; to resist it, an S-box must have high algebraic degree;
- the interpolation attack; to resist it, the univariate representation of an S-box must have high degree, and its distance to the set of low univariate degree functions must be large;
- algebraic attacks.
Generalities on Boolean functions
Walsh transform
The Walsh transform of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F : \mathbb{F}_2^m \rightarrow \mathbb{F}_2^n} is the integer-valued function Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle W_F : \mathbb{F}_2^m \times \mathbb{F}_2^n} defined by
It can be observed that the Walsh transform of some Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} is in fact the Fourier transform of the indicator of its graph, i.e. the Fourier transform of the function Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1_{G_F}} defined as
The Walsh spectrum of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} is the multi-set of all the values of its Walsh transform for all pairs Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (u,v) \in \mathbb{F}_2^m \times {\mathbb{F}_2^n}^*} . The extended Walsh spectrum of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} is the multi-set of the absolute values of its Walsh transform, and the Walsh support of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} is the set of pairs Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (u,v)} for which Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle W_F(u,v) \ne 0} .
